H. L. Heeren. 1846. ^ Rice, Michael (1994). The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-415-03268-1. ^ Rice, Michael (1994). p. 21. ISBN 978-0-415-03268-1. ^ Jean Francois Salles in Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500BC-300AD in Michael Rice, Harriet Crawford Ed, IB Tauris, 2002 p132 ^ "GAMEON-ARABIA'2015, March 2-4, 2015, AOU, Manama, Bahrain, Conference Venue | EUROSIS".
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www. eurosis. Retrieved 21 April 2022. ^ Hoyland, Robert G. (2001). Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-415-19535-5. ^ From Persian sa-mahij (سه ماهی) meaning Three Fish. ^ Jean Francois Salles p132 ^ "Social and political change in Bahrain since the First World War" (PDF). Durham University. 1973. pp. 46–47. ^ a b Holes, Clive (2001).
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Several foreign correspondents were expelled. [233] An independent commission, set up to look into the unrest, found that state media coverage was at times inflammatory. It said opposition groups suffered from lack of access to mainstream media, and recommended that the government "consider relaxing censorship". Bahrain will host the Saudi-financed Alarab News Channel, expected to launch in December 2012. It will be based at a planned "Media City". An opposition satellite station, LuaLua TV, operates from London but has found its signals blocked.
With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to a number of multinational firms and construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. A large share of exports consist of petroleum products made from imported crude oil, which accounted for 51% of the country's imports in 2007. [145] Bahrain depends heavily on food imports to feed its growing population; it relies heavily on meat imports from Australia and also imports 75% of its total fruit consumption needs. [245][246] Since only 2. 9% of the country's land is arable, agriculture contributes to 0.
The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press 1968 p40 ^ Ju. Tsirkin. "Canaan. Phoenicia. Sidon" (PDF). p. 274. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2014. ^ R. A. Donkin (1998). Beyond Price: Pearls and Pearl-fishing: Origins to the Age of Discoveries, Volume 224. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-87169-224-5. ^ Michael Rice (1986). Bahrain Through The Ages – Archa. pp. 401–402. ISBN 978-0-7103-0112-3. ^ "Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity".
[107] Following the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran in 1981, the Bahraini Shia population orchestrated a failed coup attempt under the auspices of a front organisation, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain. The coup would have installed a Shia cleric exiled in Iran, Hujjatu l-Islām Hādī al-Mudarrisī, as supreme leader heading a theocratic government. [108] In December 1994, a group of youths threw stones at female runners for running bare-legged during an international marathon. The resulting clash with police soon grew into civil unrest. [109][110] A popular uprising occurred between 1994 and 2000 in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces.
Retrieved 16 November 2012. ^ "How Bahrain uses sport to whitewash a legacy of torture and human rights abuses | David Conn | Sport". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2018. ^ "Bahrain: Reform-Promise and Reality" (PDF). J. E. Peterson. p. 157. ^ "Bahrain's economy praised for diversity and sustainability". Bahrain Economic Development Board. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2012. ^ "Bahrain".
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pp. XXIV–XXVI. ISBN 9004107630. Thus the pre-Islamic ethno-linguistic situation in eastern Arabia appear to have been a mixed tribal population of partially Christianised Arabs of diverse origins who probably spoke different old Arabian vernaculars; a mobile Persian-speaking population, possibly of traders and administrators, with strong links to Persia, with which they maintained close contact; a sedentary, non-tribal community of Aramaic-speaking farmers; a Persian clergy, which we know for certain, used Syriac as a language of liturgy and general writing, probably alongside Persian as a spoken language. ^ a b J.
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[90] Before the First World War, there were about 400 vessels hunting pearls and an annual export of more than £30, 000. [32] In 1911, a group of Bahraini merchants demanded restrictions on the British influence in the country. The group's leaders were subsequently arrested and exiled to India. In 1923, the British introduced administrative reforms and replaced Sheikh Issa bin Ali with his son. Some clerical opponents and families such as al Dossari left or were exiled to Saudi Arabia and Iran. [91] Three years later the British placed the country under the de facto rule of Charles Belgrave who operated as an adviser to the ruler until 1957. [92][93] Belgrave brought a number of reforms such as establishment of the country's first modern school in 1919, the Persian Gulf's first girls' school in 1928[citation needed] and the abolition of slavery in 1937. [94] At the same time, the pearl diving industry developed at a rapid pace.
Millions of migratory birds pass through the Persian Gulf region in the winter and autumn months. [150] One globally endangered species, Chlamydotis undulata, is a regular migrant in the autumn. [150] The many islands and shallow seas of Bahrain are globally important for the breeding of the Socotra cormorant; up to 100, 000 pairs of these birds were recorded over the Hawar Islands. [150] Bahrain's national bird is the bulbul while its national animal is the Arabian oryx.
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A photograph of the First Oil Well in Bahrain, with oil first being extracted in 1931 The Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco), a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company of California (Socal), [96] discovered oil in 1932. [97] In the early 1930s, Bahrain Airport was developed. Imperial Airways flew there, including the Handley Page HP42 aircraft. Later in the same decade, the Bahrain Maritime Airport was established, for flying boats and seaplanes. [98] Bahrain participated in the Second World War on the Allied side, joining on 10 September 1939. On 19 October 1940, four Italian SM.
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IMUNA | NHSMUN | Model UN. Retrieved 7 July 2021. ^ "Bahrain Etymology, History, Geography, Government and politics, The Free Encyclopedia". rsmag. Retrieved 21 April 2022. ^ a b Houtsma, M. Th. (1960). "Baḥrayn". Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. I. Leiden: E. Brill. p. 941. ^ "Bahrain". TeachMideast. Retrieved 21 April 2022. ^ First encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936. 1993. p. 584. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4. ^ "Bahrain Human Development Report 2018" (PDF).
Bahrain Human Development Report 2018. ^ a b c d Rentz, G. "al- Baḥrayn". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 15 March 2008 [1][permanent dead link] ^ Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. Clive Holes. pp. XIX. ISBN 9004107630.
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[279] Investment in education and research[edit] In 2012, the government devoted 2. 6% of GDP to education, one of the lowest ratios in the Arab world. This ratio was on a par with investment in education in Lebanon and higher only than that in Qatar (2. 4% in 2008) and Sudan (2. 2% in 2009). [279] Bahrain was ranked 78th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021. [280] Bahrain invests little in research and development.
^ a b EB (1911). ^ "Qal'at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun". UNESCO. Retrieved 5 October 2012. ^ Larsen, Curtis E. (1984). Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society. University of Chicago Press. pp. 52–55. ISBN 978-0-226-46906-5. ^ "Concise History of Islam". Concise History of Islam. 14 September 2011. ISBN 9789382573470. ^ a b Larsen 1983, p. 13. ^ Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren, Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity, Henry Bohn, 1854 p38 ^ Arnold Heeren, ibid, p441 ^ Potts, D. T., in: Coinage of the Caravan Kingdoms: Studies in Ancient Arabian Monetization, Huth, Martin, and van Alfen, Peter G., (editors), Numismatic studies, The American Numismatic Society, New York, 2010, p. 36 ^ W. B. Fisher et al.
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